BOTANICAL NAME- Vitis vinifera Linn.
FAMILY- Vitaceae
SYNONYMS- Draksha, Mridwika, Gostani, Charuphala, Kapisha, Harahura, Swaduphala.
HINDI NAME- Munakka, Angur, Dakh, Kishmish
ENGLISH NAME- Dry Grapes, Raisins, Common grape-vine, Wine grape, European Angurphal, Drakhyaluta, Kismis, Manakka.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION- A large, perennial tendril climber; tendrils leaf opposed, often bifid. Leaves simple, rotund-cordate or orbicular-cordate, dentate, 3-7 lobed, 10-12 cm across, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Flowers in long peduncled, leaf opposed cymes, greenish or white. Fruits (berry) globose, ovoid or oblong, varying in size, pale green or purple. Seeds 2-4, oblong-obovoid, brown, with a discoidal tubercle on the back.
HABITAT-It is cultivated in Jammu-Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES-Rasa- Madhura
Guna - Snigdha, Guru, Mridu
Veerya- Sheeta
Vipaka – Madhura
Doshaghnata - Vatapittashamaka
Rogaghnata - Mastishkadaurbalya, Bhrama, Madatya, Trishna, Chhardi, Vibandha, Grahani, Gulma, Udavarta, Kamala, Pandu, Hriddaurbalya, Vatarakta, Raktapitta, Urahkshata, Kshaya, Swarabheda, Kasa, Shwasa, Mootrakrichchhra, Mootradaha, Shukra-daurbalya, Garbhashaya-daurbaly Samanya daurbalya, Krishta, Shosha, Daha. Twagroga, Jwara Karma - Medhya, Saumanasyajanana, Trishnanigrahana, Snehana, Kanthya, Anulomana, Hridya, Raktaprasadana, Raktapittashamaka, Sandhanakarak, Kaphanissaraka, Mootrala, Vrishya, Garbhasthapana, Jivaniya, Balya, Brinhana, Jwaraghna, Chakshushya.
USEFUL PART- Ripe fruit (dried), leaf, stem, flower
DOSE - Fruit- 10-20 gm.
ACTIONS AND USES-The fruits are sweet, refrigerant, laxative, demulcent, intellect cardiotonic, haematinic, haemostatic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, rejuvenating. promoting. nervine tonic, febrifuge, depurative, antispasmodic, digestive, stomachic, suppurative, expectorant and tonic. They are useful in burning sensation, dipsia, constipation, amentia, cardiac debility, haemoptysis, haemorrhages, anaemia, strangury, consumption and wasting diseases, fever, leprosy, skin diseases, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, cough, asthma, bronchitis, affections of eyes and throat, Bright's disease, gout, jaundice and general debility. The leaves are astringent, anodyne, diuretic, depurative and useful in cephalalgia, strangury, scabies, skin diseases, syphilis, haemorrhoids, diarrhoea, splenomegaly and vomiting. The ash of the stem is good for arthralgia, vesical calculi, haemorrhoids and orchitis. Sap of young branches is used in skin diseases. The flowers are expectorant, emmenagogue and haematinic, and are useful in bronchitis, liver disorders, anaemia, amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids , isochlorogenic acid, isomer of quercitrin, isomer of rutin, monoglycolipid containing a free amino group, caffeic and caffeyltartaric acids, ellagitannins-brevilagin 1, vitilagin and isovitilagin (leaves), 3ẞ-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (cuticle); linalool, geraniol, biflavonoids, malic acid, tannic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, cholesterol, B-sitosterol, ergosterol, glucose, fructose.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES-Antifungal, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, tumour inhibitory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, wound healing, antimutagenic, antiherpetic, cardioprotective, breast cancer suppressor, antibacterial.
FORMULATIONS –
Drakshasava, Draksharishta, Drakshavaleha, Drakshadi kvatha churna, Drakshadi churna, Eladi gutika, Drakshadileha, Drakshadya ghrita,Gojihvadi kvatha churna, Brihat ashvagandha ghrita, Ashvagandha taila, Drakshadyashta dashanga kvatha.
PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION-
Grapes grow on a wide range of soils, from sandy to clayey loams, shallow to very deep soils, from highly calcareous to non-calcareous and from very low to high fertility soils. Grapevines are invariably propagated by stem cuttings, though reproduction by seed, layers or grafts may be done for specific purposes. Cuttings should always be taken from healthy, vigorous vines having well matured canes. Cuttings are usually taken from the prunings during August-November. They should be 30-40 cm long and over 8 mm thick with 3-5 buds each. In the nursery, the cuttings are planted in well-drained soil. Generally 90 days are required for satisfactory rooting. Cuttings planted after 20 days storage in one part of soil plus three parts of sand media have been reported quite good for survival and root and shoot growth. The rooted cuttings with the fresh leaves are planted at site in pits or trenches. The side shoots are systematically removed to ensure rapid growth of the main stem. Heavy irrigation, application of farmyard manure and fertilizers are necessary for the growth of grapevines. The vine may commence to yield fruits in the second or third year of its planting.
Reference-( DATABASE ON MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA )
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